The average performance of the Lido protocol validator set is higher than the average Network performance based on the RAVER methodology available at the moment of assessment (May 2025).

The Lido protocol has a subsystem which can self-execute withdrawals with no human participation, apart from requiring Node Operators to maintain tooling (their own or open-source alternatives) to process requests (semi-)automatically. This subsystem ensures withdrawal requests can’t be cancelled (within a bounded period of time) and is designed to work even during chaotic tail-risk scenarios. The total volume of withdrawals processed since May 2023 (withdrawals implementation) can be found on the dedicated Dune dashboard.

As of Q1/2025, each operator continues to operate, via Lido, less than 1% of total stake across the entire Ethereum network, taking into account cross-module totals. Quarterly updates on the details and ratio of amount of stake that is over the soft-ceiling can be found in the Lido Validator and Node Operator Metrics (VaNOM) web-app. Additionally, through the Simple DVT Module and the Community Staking Module, hundreds of net new operators have already started using the Lido protocol in 2024, further reducing concentration of stake share amongst large entities.

Ethereum community potentially could change the protocol with an emergent hard-fork (if there is a consensus to do it) that changes a few bits in the governance contract to revoke the DAO’s oversight permissions.

Open-source development enables Lido protocol clone deployment and running without any DAO votes or third-party permissions.

All Lido on Ethereum participating validators use 0x01 (smart contract) withdrawal credentials.

The major protocol version (Lido V2) is audited by four independent top-tier audit providers: Statemind, Certora(including formal verification), Hexens, Oxorio. The latest deployed V2.1 release has been audited by MixBytes and Ackee Blockchain (including extensive fuzzing test coverage). 

The full list of the Lido on Ethereum protocol audits is available publicly.

Each protocol upgrade and voting is a subject of running full-blown regression test suite.

As of Q1/2025, Node Operators using the Lido protocol continue to utilize a well-balanced suite of Consensus Layer clients in aggregate. Execution Layer diversity significantly improved as a result of Node Operator commitments to reduce their reliance on Geth as a supermajority client. Nethermind remains the dominant Execution Layer client with 38.3% usage, slightly ahead of Geth at 37.0%. Its share declined by 3.5% relative to Q4 2024, when it stood at 39.5%.

The on-chain delegation was enabled in August 2024. Now LDO holders can delegate on Aragon& Snapshot. The delegated LDO amounts and delegates' activity can be viewed on the Lido Delegation Public Dashboard.

The first permissionless module called CSM is now live on Ethereum mainnet. During the Early Adoption (permissioned) phase, over 300 identified likely independent operators joined CSM on mainnet. As of late January 2025, CSM has transitioned to its fully permissionless mode, allowing anyone to use Lido on Ethereum to run validators. As a part of CSM v2 it has been proposed to implement different operator types, allowing for rewards differentiation between operator types, such as permissionless unknown operators versus identified independent stakers.

Lido on Ethereum Liquid Staking Widget is deployed to the IPFS.

As of Q1 2025, approximately 22% of validators are still operated by North America–based Node Operators (US and Canada), while European entities continue to dominate the landscape. Progress in expanding geographical diversity—through the inclusion of operators from Asia and South America, as well as broader validator distribution—remains evident, though largely unchanged from the previous quarter. Continued community efforts are encouraged to further promote decentralization across regions. Latest stats can be found here.

In the Curated Operator module, keys are managed by professional node operators. As of the Q1/25, 23.1% of validators in the module utilize Attestant’s Vouch CL client. While Vouch utilization does not directly correlate to usage of Attestants Dirk key manager that includes threshold signing, it is roughly indicative. In the Simple DVT Module, participants utilize Obol and SSV Network based DVT. All SDVT validator keys are created through a Distributed Key Generation process, with no single Node Operator (or other party) controlling a full private key at any point of their existence.

Currently, if Node Operators don’t process exits on time (in other words, try to block users from obtaining their withdrawn ETH), they suffer penalties (automatically enforced by the protocol, as well as reputational). There have been 0 incidents of non-exit, and one case of delay. The Triggerable Exits framework is expected to be introduced in August 2025. It allows validators to be exited from the Execution Layer without any participation from the NO. NOs will generally still be expected to process exits via the Consensus Layer in fair weather, as it is cheaper and more efficient compared to Execution Layer driven triggered withdrawals.

As it stands, LDO holders cannot force Node operators to exit. Even if triggerable exits were live today, it would still take the DAO half a year, at a minimum, to rotate all validators (due to the mechanics of how the staking queue works). In order to create additional checks and balances on Lido governance, dual governance has been proposed. It gives stakers the ability to withdraw their ETH in the event of a proposal that would change the validator set, while also enabling them to express concerns about it. The onchain vote to deploy Dual Governance is estimated to occur in 2025.

Public Delegate Platform and Delegate Incentivization Program were established in August 2024. In Q4, 2024 Lido DAO has 7 delegates with more than 2M LDO delegated to each on-chain, which makes them eligible for incentives. You can see all the public delegates here and check delegates' voting participation here.

The GOOSE framework is utilized to set one-year and three-year goals. The goals for 2025 were adopted in November 2024, marking a new focus for the upcoming year.
Meanwhile, the current goals, adopted in November 2023, were adjusted in May 2024 (reGOOSE), remain active and relevant.

Reliance on public cloud continues to remain stable at 50% in Q1/2025. The usage is balanced against forms of Bare Metal (Colocated, On-Premises or Dedicated Hardware). Details can be found in the Lido VaNOM web-app.

The governance process includes 3 steps: discussion, off-chain vote, and on-chain execution which make all changes publicly socialized before implementation.
A two-step Aragon voting is used with objection periods, where only 'against' votes are possible in the second phase.
Currently, operators act as a check on LDO power since they cannot be forced to exit.
Dual governance allows stakers to withdraw their ETH in the event of a contentious proposal, while also enabling them to express concerns about its contentiousness. Onchain vote to deploy expected in Q2 2025.

Lido on Ethereum, governed by LDO token voting, manages various aspects including the treasury, withdrawal keys, and lists of nodes or oracles, effectively granting root access to the voting app. Dual governance allows stakers to withdraw their ETH in the event of a contentious proposal, while also enabling them to express concerns about its contentiousness. When a specified amount of stETH accumulates in the DG veto vault, execution of LDO governance motions is paused unless the stETH in the vault is withdrawn. The design includes multiple safeguards and potential de-escalation mechanisms. A Snapshot vote on this proposal passed, with on-chain deployment slated for Q2 2025.